Before going to speaking subtitles what is Project management software and online collaborationI took from some other web address about the Software Project Management what it's ok try to refer below :
Model Development and distribution of online learning curriculum developed and tested in this study report. Edukasyonal objectives related courses and engineering design software has been developed. The study was conducted as a collective case study, the four typical cases by applying the practices directly from some of the curriculum and online learning and development. Proposed development model with the results gathered from research and surveys. The model uses the approach of incremental development and software projects in order to overcome the weaknesses of other linear development approach. This allows the development of quality products in a short time. In addition, continued communication, evaluation and feedback as well as doing a good arrangement of the project and readiness to adapt to the changes integrated with important characteristics. The model has been tested with one of the cases. The model is applied to the development of learning and scheduling are considered beneficial to the success of the project.
Introduction The number of people who seek a bachelor's degree, or study skills enhancement increased. This is forcing colleges and companies to find new ways to provide education to students and new students in the development of information technology and the Internet that have been in combination with a web-based learning "virtual learning environment (VLE) (Xu, Wang & Wang, 2005, p.525). Many institutions have started to employ e-learning project, which has a goal "learning anytime and from anywhere" (Barjis, 2003, P.4).
VLEs is online learning system that provides a complete learning environment, including various features such as learning materials, evaluation instruments or means of communication and collaboration (Ryan, Scott, Freeman & Patel, 2000). They can be regarded as a new form of education. They feature very different from the traditional classroom setting because it does not deal with face to face interaction between instructors and students. On the other side, VLEs can provide many additional opportunities to achieve improvement and enhance learning outcomes through effective use of the web for instructions and could become a promising alternative to traditional education (Zhang, Zhao, Zhou & Nunamaker, 2004). Web-based teaching can facilitate interactivity and can also provide a large number of these. In order to improve the interaction of learners, can use innovative programs and dynamic in providing learning materials. Unfortunately, the benefits still not used effectively since the instructional design has been made, usually teaching methods transferred to the web as if they were in a traditional room. Also, still not received a general framework to guide development of curriculum design (Oliver & McLoughlin, 1999). On the other hand, the collaboration of institutions may be important for the use of the best resources online in the development and teaching materials.
For the success of VLEs, learning effectiveness is very important. To provide effective learning and care is needed during the construction phase with the help of various disciplines such as instructional design, software engineering and human computer interaction (HCI).
Addie (Analyze, desaign, Develop, Implement and Evaluate) is to determine the order in an instructional design model, which describes the essential components of any instructional development process. Many other models that use sequential approach has been developed as a model of this classic. Instructional Design Plan is a relatively new model for the development of each course. Developed by Kemp, Morrison, and Ross (2004) and different from Addie for not implementing a particular order and consider the design and the process of sustainable development as a cycle. This model also covers issues such as management or project implementation in addition to the steps instructional design.
Several instructional design models tailored to the development of online course (Tripp & Bichelmeyer, 1990, Willis, 1995, 2000) known as rapid prototyping, and Bichelmeyer proposed by Tripp (1990). He does not use a sequential approach as well. Rapid Prototyping is the best model using software engineering methodologies and steps are realized in almost simultaneously with the construction of repeating.
Developing educational software has many aspects of software development. Especially in the design and production stages. The software proved successful practices in the field of software engineering by introducing a clever method. This method focuses on the development, management and requirements, using component-based architecture, the visual modeling software, verification and configuration of software quality management (Kruchten, 1998).
Agile methods meggunakan fast method development. Although this method is sometimes regarded as an ad hoc or unstructured, this method of balance and flexibility in the core structure, which is claimed could enhance creativity and innovations (Highsmith, 2002). Important features that distinguish the development of the model agility (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen & Warsta, 2002):
* Emphasis is the type of building releasable software short.
* When used in the period measured by months iterations.
* Focus on the functions that are required on the one hand, quickly giving, and collect feedback reacting to receive information.
* Improving team relationships, working environment and procedures to penningkatkan team spirit is the core of the model.
* Continue to work together in producing software, and working with customers and respond to change.
Adaptive Software Development (ASD) (Highsmith, 2000) is an example of the agility model of approaches that focus on project management and practices (Highsmith, 2002).
HCI forms of cooperation, especially in the approach to development issues is very important for the overall quality of learning since the use of the system is the starting point in a contact (Faulkner, 1998). A ease in learning environments and learning content, will increase the effectiveness. Therefore, in VLEs, because the main purpose is to study the learning content, the system is the most widely used learning system directly. ISO 9241 standard defines the purpose of "allowing users to perform tasks effectively, efficiently and with satisfaction in the context of a specific use" (Abran, Khelifi, Suryn, Seffah, 2003, p.331). In addition, usability is also considered an approach that focuses on formative and summative evaluation methods needed to be implemented throughout the entire development process in order to ensure the effectiveness of an instructional product (Crowther, Keller, Waddoups, 2004).
The problems are not addressed systematically in software development as an approach that is not known is a method to integrate these concepts for the development life cycle. HCI is usually considered a problem only on-screen interface or at the final stage of design (Zhang, Carey, Te'eni & Tremaine, 2005). On the other hand, many organizations that develop software for an early pay attention to the usefulness of their products. In addition they also realize the importance of applying the technique early in the development process (Ferre, 2003; Anderson, Fleek, Garrity & Drake, 2001). In a more recent study, Detweiler (2007) proposed three stages repeated in all stages of development of a software development project. This approach allows users to test the system from the beginning to the end of the development effort and design, prototype and iteratively develop user interfaces.
Also realized the importance of usability in instructional development field. In addition to traditional evaluation is generally done at the end of the development cycle, the need to incorporate usability evaluation from beginning to end has been recognized by many instructional designers. Therefore, systematic methods of formative and summative evaluation is required to be carried out throughout the entire development process in order to ensure the effectiveness of an instructional product (Crowther, Keller & Waddoups, 2004).
Another important issue in educational development is software that uses industry-related standards. Technology enhanced learning environment for technology compatible with standards such as IEEE LTSC, AICC, and IMS (Anido, et al., 2002).
Literature review shows that a model of curriculum development and distributed to the development of online learning courses. In this study, an online collaborative curriculum development methodology based on discipline has been discussed above (instructional design, software engineering, HCI) and proposed.
ASD approach mentioned above is adjusted as a software development methodology. ASD are described in detail in the next section. The design method used in this study, the results of the investigation and developed a methodology and conclusions presented in the next section.
Adaptive Software Development (ASD) ASD is the development of the model stemmed from the rapid application development. However, this is very different for those just getting started. Giving something dynamic and collaborative learning to think meruapakan different life cycle through the static design with development plans life cycle model. This shows the new ideas that can reveal the entire development process. Complex development in the environment is usually not possible to determine all of the specifications in the beginning. Therefore, speculation is offered as an alternative. Collaboration is necessary for predictable and unpredictable balance specifications. Learning occurs as a result of this cooperation. Management sometimes make small mistakes on their assumptions and learn from the mistakes that were collected based on experience and better skills. As a result, a dynamic cycle that requires continuous learning and adapting to new situations (Highsmith, 2002).
ASD emphasize adaptation rather than optimization. ADS assume that the necessary changes and flexibility, so that the change in management in the development of core methodologies. This is a task-based component-based approach and adaptive components made in the project cycle. Features of the adaptive cycle characteristics include a focused, based on the features, repetitive, time is packaged, risk analysts and tolerance of change (Highsmith, 2002, p.83). Relatively short time and again packed under development in particular is a different cycle sequentially in the life cycle that all activities that occur in different life cycles, but the workload is not only based on the appropriate stages. When analysis was similar to the Gantt chart but is actually very different. The number was an effort on a task with pengabungan other tasks.
Changes considered as a possible effort in learning and development curriculum online so that the emphasis should continue to form the model of evaluation and revision. Another important thing is associated with the continued cooperation and other communication features of the model. Change does not provide a rigid structure in business development, instead, focus on flexibility and guide how the developers to do all these components. Since ASD provides a framework related to these issues and more emphasis on project management and collaboration practices, changes are used primarily as an approach adopted in DONC2 software development models.
Learning Design
An incremental approach is also repeated in the study design. Online Course Development reviewed the project as a problem that achieved applied to the development of the proposed model.
Data collection methods Interviews were conducted with experts who participated in the project and reviewed the different techniques. In addition to interviews, Learning developed in the project and also checked to see whether the project is implemented and how the success rate.
Interviews Three questions based on the nature of the problem used in this interview. In the interview, trying to gather as much information about the reaction from the course team members in the development process. Interview questions are grouped into two categories. The first category includes general questions, trying to gather information about the project. Both the main categories of questions related to the development process, ranging from strategic decision making at the level of activity. This main question can be classified into three layers.
* Management layer. This layer is primarily concerned with the project management level in strategic decision-making activities and issues directly related to the project manager or project management team.
* Integration layer: This layer primarily acts as a middle layer between the management of micro-layers and layers. This is mainly related to curriculum development activities.
* Micro-level layer is primarily concerned with the level of the course development activities. Including all the problems that will be considered for the development of individual courses.
The second interview question is to establish an evaluation matrix (EM) which was developed based on the development of the proposed model. EM has been applied to the project developed as kursusu and evaluation framework in a structured interview sessions. There are four matrix includes three layers of the development process as given above in addition to layers of communication processes and the evaluation and revision. Matrix includes all the elements that must be integrated for business development and check whether they are embodied in the project investigation and at the operational level will be.
The third is to arrange interviews formed from semi-open questions for the interview session. Here, the author tried to collect information about the developers on the process applied to the project.
Process implementation
Implementation and investigation procedures will be explained by giving background information about the subjects and scope of the project.
Case 1 - Avicenna Virtual Campus (AVC) Phase 1 (AVC-1): The main objective of this project is to create a new community of universities from 14 Mediterranean countries from the formation of Avicenna Knowledge Center (AKC). Each team consists of project directors, pedagogical experts, technical experts and technicians and this team has built approximately 20 modules online learning system in English and their own language (Avicenna, 2006). This program was developed by these countries and uploaded to a management platform called "Plei @ d" to share. This project does not aim to produce any title. In the first phase of the project was completed at the time of investigation.
Case 2 - SBS-Malaysia Project (SBS): This e-learning adalahproyek conducted by Siemens Business Services (SBS) for the Government of Malaysia. The main purpose of this project is to develop computer-aided materials 7, and h 8Ih grade math and science education programs of formal elementary Malaysia. This is a collaborative project of the team is geographically distributed, which is located in Turkey and Malaysia. Total learning around 330 successful conversions for sixteen months. All of this has been started through the program used by teachers and students at the school Malaysia since 2005 (Rtb, 2007).
Iteration 2
In this second iteration, Equipping Primary Care physicians Improve Child Care (EPPICC) cases investigated. The first question in the interview is used as the two previous cases. Besides this, additional sessions conducted interviews with EM matrix developed based on the methodology developed.
Case 3 - EPPICC: The EPPICC is one of the online collaborative project grants developed by the University of Alabama Division Of CME (Continuing Medical Education) in cooperation with various departments. Was sponsored jointly by the University of Alabama, Alabama Medicaid, and the National Institutes of Health. The purpose of the project is to provide EPPICC online module to improve the initial examination performed by pediatricians is associated hearts eyes of children (EPPICC, 2006). Modules developed by the CME in cooperation with the principal investigators (Pis) of the grant. Pis is also responsible for project management that can be considered as a project manager. CME provides Courseware development team and Pis provide content for learning. Development module has been completed at the time of investigation.
Repetition 3
At the end of this iteration, the proposed methodology has been applied as a development methodology to the Avicenna Virtual Campus Phase 3 project. Project plans have been prepared in accordance with the components required for this phase of the Avicenna project. Project management component of the global layer; style of training guidelines and components of the macro and micro levels of all components in the next layer of communication and continued evaluation and revision of components which are adapted to the project and the project implementation is based on this. After completion of the project, the third is set up interviews are used.
Case 4 - Stage 3 AVC (AVC-3): In this case, the efforts of Turkey Courseware development partners in the project implementation phases have been investigated AVC. In this phase, six-Learning is more developed in the scope of the project mentioned in Case 1 by the AKC Turkey. The same requirements are used as in the previous stage.
Data Analysis Continuous data analysis and iterative throughout this work. The first researcher to find similarities in the data from the participant interviews and documents from business development. Second, researchers looking for data taken major difference between the effort. Finally, categories and themes are made to arrive at a list of important principles.
Results from Case Study The results of interviews conducted with team members from a variety of projects and examination of their documents summarized in the following sections. Based on the answers of the interviewees, the main theme which is required for each layer, global, macro and micro levels have been determined.
The interviews Project Manager, or pedagogical expert software developers who are responsible for making project-level strategic decisions they interviewed for this study. Some Extracted and principles were developed from the findings of the cases. These principles applied in various stages of the development process, and each has some (more or less) impact on the various stages of development models.
A good team provides project management support, coaching and understanding is essential for the project, because they will enable distributed coordination among the most prominent members is the principle were collected from the first case. After the people who have the necessary competence in the team is very important to good decision making ¬. On the other hand, the technical things can interfere with all this type of development projects and can encourage de-teams. Therefore, including technical support team will respond to the technical needs of development teams at the appropriate time needed for the smooth running of projects. In addition, without adequate participation from every member of the team, approach to development can not succeed. This training is required for the developers before and during the development process so they have a common understanding of the development process and the type of material to be produced at the end. In this case, it was revealed that the LMS is very limited capacity and production difficulties. LMS capabilities must be determined based on the requirements of the programs that will be presented so that the selection of LMS is an issue that will matter in business development. Reveal other problems that have been there needs to implement an instructional design and learning strategies for development as a necessary ingredient for a pedagogically sound learning principles to help. In addition, programs are developed must be evaluated according to quality. Accreditation mechanism, checking the quality, usability reviews to be determined to develop an effective learning environment. The findings indicate that the case is not a development program step by step process. In this case, in each chapter of this course will be developed, such as adding and prevent errors discovered since the end of the analysis of learning. The results of the SBS case
Some principles are also taken and developed from the findings of this case. Some of these principles are also similar or complementary to the first results from a case such as providing effective project management and project teams are good. The project's ability to act as a facilitator, accelerator, a motivator or a mediator is essential for the success of the project. Provide a project plan that continues updateable feature is one of the most emphasized by the interviewees expressed from this case. Since it's impossible to predict everything in the beginning of the project, which must continue to update the plan all projects must be aware of and accepted by all team members. In connection with this problem, the need for change and configuration management mechanism has been emphasized in this case. General principles of options with the previous case fonnation adequate team, training team members, quality control and iterative process of model development have. Distinguished names mentioned principles in this case is to have an effective communication infrastructure and mechanisms. Geographically distributed environment, especially in development, communications infrastructure that includes a variety of communication tools needed in order to track the data communication. Apart from infrastructure, other mechanisms that determine the type and mode of communication among all team members is essential for effectiveness. Interest rules should be determined at the beginning of the project.
Results from the case EPPICC Based on the results of interviews conducted with the project and evaluation Matrices applied in this case some of these principles explored. Enabling appropriate division of responsibilities within the team is one of them. In addition, it is necessary to make decisions together in teams to facilitate negotiations between the members and allows awareness of what is happening at every moment of the project has been emphasized by the interviewees. Some specific principles gathered from these cases is to be careful to consider recruitment and memory, providing a risk plan and provide usability testing. Drawing the attention of students to develop online learning or program and continue to maintain their attention to those important tasks that must also be considered for continuity. Planning is very important publication. The risk of the project plan prepared by an unexpected event. Because there is no risk in this project planning, schedule slippage occurs for several reasons. Usability testing will enable the students to focus on content rather than the system. This also helps them memories of learning without frustration. Training and development iterative approach is also stressed as a result of this case.
Support, and guidance on project management was also highlighted, especially for the motivation of the team members in this case. Provide a project plan is updateable from the predictions of the event will clearly not be done at the beginning of this project is also stressed. In this case the project can not be so slippery in the schedule has occurred. Communities in the development team may not have the same level of knowledge or experience of online course development as in this case. Therefore, training is also emphasized in this case. A style of setting guidelines have been emphasized in this case because they provide the unity of the programs will be presented in the same curriculum. This will also allow assessment of the quality of learning easy. Conduct regular meetings to check considered important by interviewees because they believe that they enable the control of current projects and to improve the quality of materials
The investigation of this case, all revealed some important principles that must be included in the model development. In particular these principles can be grouped in the management or the integration layer since they are dealing with management, strategic planning or decision-level activities. Table 2 summarizes all the principles that will be included in the model.
Practice Course In addition to interviews, learning materials developed are also reviewed. This program was developed by the AVC-1 cases are investigated and some differences in several different formats were observed between the developers' learning on the same team. Navigation structure of each course, the use of concept maps and different evaluation methods. Learning developed by other countries involved in the project also investigated. Some of the very real differences seen among countries in the presentation of content and general structure.
For EPPICC case there is no difference between the format of the modules since the formal structure of a very forced. All the cases studied in the textual material with the addition of interactive examples, exercises, etc. For the AVC-3 case, the structure is very different from learning from each other, because based on lecture videos have been added. Presentation of different video styles. However, the main navigation structure is similar in all cases.
In summary, the examination revealed that the developed materials there are two basic approaches:
* Text-based; by changing the style and format
* Based on a video, once again by changing the style.
This variation causes a decrease in the quality of learning in addition to difficulties in assessment of quality. Therefore, there is a need for general guidance style that leaves some room for the developers based on the need for learning. DONC2 Development Methodology
After investigation of all cases and the literature, the last version of the model is formed. A development of the adaptive model based development approach that emphasizes repetition, concurrency, continued feedback and collaboration is made. The process required as a component to develop Courseware has been determined. All the components are located in three layers. In the model, as emphasized by the circular letter structure used, there is no pre-determined sequence of components. Iteration in the methodology is time-packing stage, which usually lasts four to six months is determined by the project management, based on the amount of work assigned. All components are assigned to the various stages. This task is not too much emphasis on the traditional order as in the model. Each component can be assigned to the stage and can continue to be done in several stages depending on the available resources. Management layer components (especially planning activities) carried out by hard work at the beginning of the project. Then layer Courseware integration of individual components and development activities in the micro-layers begin. All the components can continue throughout the entire development process in a variety of workloads. Regions with a heavy burden will be displayed with a black area.
Complete workflow can be summarized in the form of phases and components as can be seen in Appendix A. In the early stages of each stage of planning a meeting, and in the end there is also a meeting to review the evaluation and revision of what has been done in stages.
Layer management process Management layer associated with strategic decision-making team management project activities. In the framework of the management layer component, there is no pre-detennined sequence. They all can be done simultaneously and iteratively throughout the entire project. They can be divided into approximately four stages, but this may change depending on resources. Involving all components of the tasks performed throughout the entire development effort, and they continue to differ with the workload until the end, as can be seen in Figure 8.
* Project Management is one of the main activities of the global layer continues until the end of the weight and the project involves two sub-activities. Plan development activities are iterated several times in the entire process. Was revised based on the output of other processes of global layers. No rigid makes projections for later stages of 'components but gives an outline for future work. Therefore, the planning done at the end of each stage to the next stage of meetings in the planning stages. This task also planning to collect feedback from the ongoing evaluation and revision of the components that will be explained later.
Management ranging from initial project and only ended when the project is completed. Control involves the implementation of plans to stage.
* Budget \ Resource Allocation includes two activities:
Budget / Resource Planning involves the reply i nation in terms of human resources, equipment and materials and the amount for the implementation process, or the Planning Organization is primarily concerned with human resource planning. This activity can be repeated for several times for the project in accordance with the availability and work of the people when the macro or micro-layer process.
* Determination of the curriculum begins with a needs assessment activities. Work in this component is the weight at the beginning when he was less at the time phases of the project, but continues until the end of a small modification may be required for the scope of the program.
Software (software) is a set of code / instructions / rules to solve a particular problem. The aim for transparency, performance, integration, optimization (efficiency).
The project is an activity / activities that have a time limit, cost, resource (resources) and has a purpose. His opponent is routine.
Management is the activity set / manage (batasan2). Activities consisted of planning, organizing, action, controlling.
The Software Project Management (MPPL) is an activity to planning, controlling by using existing resources to create software in a certain time period to meet the needs.
MPPL learning objectives are:
* Defining / measuring the time a project
* Estimated cost of project
* Technical and economic Feasibilitas
* Managing / set resource (HR)
Input MPPL is the knowledge required, such as management, Software Engineering (RPL), software measurement.
1. The concept of Project Management Project management software focused on three factors: people, problems and processes. In the work of software human factors are important in successful project management. The importance of human factors stated in the Management capability maturity model of human (a people management capability maturity model / PM-CMM) which serves to increase the readiness of the software organizations in resolving the problem by doing activities receiving, selecting, performance management, training, compensation, career development, organization and work design and team development. 1.1. Organizational Basics Organization is the system affect each other and work together salaing between one person with another person in a group to achieve a particular goal agreed. Organization is the system consists of several elements, namely: 1. People, the organization must have a group of people who work there and one of the lead organization. 2. Objectives, the organization must have goals to be achieved, both in the short and long term. 3. Position, each person in an organization is assigned a position or positions respectively. 4. Employment, every person in the organization has a job (job) each in accordance with the position. 5. Technology, to achieve the goals of the organization needs the technology to assist in the processing of data into an information. 6. Structure, organizational structure is a set pattern of work and the implementation of a cooperative relationship among all the people in the organization. 7. External environment, is a very important element and will affect the success of an organization, such as a government policy of the organization.
Organizational principles are the values that are used as the basis for every person working there in the organization to achieve the agreed objectives. The principles contained in the organization include: 1. clear organizational goals 2. tasks performed must be clearly 3. a fair division of tasks 4. proper placement position 5. the coordination and integration
Management in the organization consists of three levels of management decision-makers: the lower-level management (operational), middle level management (planning and managerial control) and upper-level management (strategic). Each level has a responsibility individually and all work together in achieving the goals and objectives. 1. Lower level management (operational) · Operational managers make decisions based on rules that have been predetermined and produce things that can be predicted if implemented properly. · Operations manager is the decision maker work more clearly so as to affect the implementation of the schedule labor, inventory control, receiving, and controlling processes such as production. · Manager of internal operations that require repetitive information, and highly dependent on the information contained on the latest performance and is the user's largest on-line, resources real-time information.
2. Middle-level management (planning and managerial control) · Middle level managers to make short-term planning and control decisions about how resources can be allocated properly to meet organizational objectives, and to predict resource needs in the future to · Minimize the problems that could jeopardize employee productivity. · Middle-level managers is highly dependent on internal information and require a very large real-time information in order to properly control and the latest information on the measurable performance standards.
3. Top-level management (strategic) · Managers make strategic decisions that will guide the operational managers and middle level managers. · Manager working in strategic decision-makers who are not sure. Requires strategic information, because it is a daily task of direction and planning. · Strategic information needed to assess the success rate of task organization and organizational goals. · Requires internal information (in order to adapt to the changes that occur rapidly), and external information (to know the government regulations, economic policies, market conditions and strategies for competing companies).
2. Policy and Planning Software Project A software can be developed because of the policy and planning telebih first. Without a good system planning, system development will not be able to run as expected. Without the development of policy by top management systems, the development of the system will not get support from the top management. 2.1. System Policies Policies to develop software made by top management because management wants to achieve the opportunities there that can not be achieved by the old system or the old system has weaknesses (problems) 2.2. System Planning Estimates regarding the planning system resources (physical needs and labor) and costs. Planning system consists of: Short-term planning (1-2 year period) and long-term (up to 5-year period). Planning systems is usually handled by the staff of system planning, system development department or Department of data processing. 2.3. System Planning Process System planning process can be grouped into three main processes, namely: 1. Planning system projects Stages of system planning process: · Reviewing objectives, planning strategies and tactics companies · Identify system projects · Setting targets system projects · Define constraints systems projects (eg, cost limits, time, age of economic, regulations) · Determine priority system projects · Making system planning reports Request approval · management
2. Preparing the system projects to be developed These preparations include: · Yor team analyst (can be derived from existing development department or from outside the company (consultant) Announcing · system development project
3. Defining projects developed system Conducting a study to find the best alternatives are most feasible to be developed. The stages are performed: · Identifying returned scope and target systems project · Conducting feasibility studies Assessing the feasibility of the project · system · Creating system project proposal Request approval · management
3. Software Project Estimate Now the cost is the most important element and expensive in developing computer-based systems. Estimated cost of the wrong or inappropriate may reduce profits or even losses. Estimated cost of software and business can not be calculated exactly, because many variables (human, technical, environmental) that influence it. To achieve cost estimates and have a reliable, use the following options: Estimating the longest time of this project Estimates based on the same project Using techniques dekomposis Using one or more empirical models
Estimating the time to complete each activity is part of the most difficult, for it takes experience in estimating the time required. Scheduling tasks (activities) can use:
1. Gantt Graph Which is a graph showing the boxes representing each task (activity) and the length of each of each box shows the relative lengths of the tasks done.
2. Diagrams PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Techniques) A program (project) is represented by a network node and the arrow that then evaluated to determine the most important activities, increases the required schedule and revise the progress as the project has been executed. PERT diagram better than Gantt, because: - Easy to identify the priority level - Easy to identify the critical path and critical activities - Easily determine the slack time
3. Computer-based project scheduling Using a PC to create a project schedule is more practical and profitable. Example scheduling program that Ms. Project, Symantec's Timeline and Computer Associates' CA-Super Project.
Software development process developed by the actors who can dikatagorikan in 5 groups: Senior manager, in charge of defining the business issues and is very influential in the project. Project manager (engineering), a plan, motivate, organize and control the people who work in the project (practitioner). Practitioners, is a person who has the technical skills required to obtain the software product (application program). Customers, are people who need the software (PL) is. End users, people who interact with the software (PL) associated with the use of the product.
